Basketball

Automatic translation. This text has not been verified by a person.

Translation details

Model: mistral-large-2512.

Translated text

An American game introduced to our girls’ secondary schools some dozen years ago. G a m e: On each side, 5, 6, or 9 participants stand, depending on the size of the court (room). The aim of each team is to throw the ball into their own basket while simultaneously preventing the opponents from achieving victory in the same manner. A basket scored from the field counts as 2 points, while a free throw counts as one. C o u r t, e q u i p m e n t: The court (outdoors or indoors) is a rectangle 15—30 meters long and 6—15 meters wide, marked by lines beyond which lies a free space, clear of any obstacles, at least 1 meters wide. The shorter lines are called the end boundaries, and the longer ones the side boundaries. In the center of the court, a c e n t r a l c i r c l e with a radius of half a meter is drawn. The court is divided into three equal parts by d i v i s i o n l i n e s parallel to the end boundaries. (Courts 15 meters or less in length are divided into two halves instead.) F r e e - t h r o w l i n e s, half a meter long, are drawn parallel to both end boundaries and at a distance of 3 meters from them, opposite both baskets. From the center of each free-throw line, an arc with a radius of 2 meters is marked, connecting toward the baskets with two lines running 2 meters apart, perpendicular to the end boundaries. The space thus enclosed is the f r e e - t h r o w l a n e. B a s k e t s are made of cord netting hanging from metal rings with an inner diameter of 45 cm. The baskets narrow downward so that the ball, once dropped from above, pauses momentarily before falling through the bottom opening. They are positioned so that the plane of the rings is 3 meters above the ground, and their outer edge is fixed 15 cm from the post, placed at the center of the end boundary. It is advisable to attach a backboard 2 meters long and 1’20 meters high to this post, behind the basket. B a l l s used are ordinary footballs. P a r t i c i p a n t s of each team, led by a c a p t a i n, take positions previously designated by her and communicated to the referee (and scorer). For this purpose, the captain divides her team into g u a r d s, c e n t e r s, and f o r w a r d s (see illustration J). None of these categories may cross into another third of the court during play. On shorter courts divided into two halves, the ‘center’ has the privilege of moving from one half to the other. On no court may the center participants attempt a shot at the basket. The r e f e r e e, belonging to neither team, ensures the game proceeds correctly and resolves disputes. For assistance, they choose a s c o r e r (recording points and fouls) and, for more important matches, several assistants. T i m e consists of two halves of 15 minutes each, separated by a 10-minute break. If a foul is committed simultaneously with or just before the end-of-game or break signal, the referee extends play to allow a free throw. The visiting team has the right to choose the basket in the first half. If both teams are playing at home, the captains draw lots for the baskets. In the second half, the baskets are switched. The ball may only be caught with both hands; holding and throwing may also be done with one hand. It is a foul to place a hand on the ball held by an opponent. Until the referee decides which opponent touched the ball first, no more than one player from each team may touch it. T h e t i p - o f f in the center circle occurs: a) at the start of each half; b) after a basket is scored; c) after an incorrect free throw; d) after the last free throw due to a double foul. Method of execution: Both c e n t e r s stand with both feet in their half of the center circle, one hand placed behind their back; this hand must remain in position until one or both opponents tap the ball. The remaining participants must not interfere with the referee or the centers. The referee tosses the ball in a plane perpendicular to the side boundaries, between the two centers, higher than both can reach by jumping, so that it falls between them. When the ball reaches its highest point, the referee signals with a whistle, after which both opponents jump and attempt to tap the ball. If the ball falls to the ground untouched, the tip-off is repeated. Neither opponent involved in the tip-off may catch the ball until another participant touches it. When the b a l l g o e s o u t o f p l a y (i.e., touches the ground or any object outside the court boundary, or a participant who is out of play), the referee orders it to be put back into play. The opponent of the player who caused the ball to go out stands behind the boundary at the point where the ball left the court and throws or bounces the ball to one of her teammates. If the referee cannot determine who caused the ball to go out, they put it back into play at a point approximately 1 meters from the boundary on the court, opposite the exit point, in the same manner as the tip-off in the center circle. T i m e - o u t s in the game may be called by the referee for up to 5 minutes, at the request of one of the captains or in case of player injury. After such a break, the ball is put back into play at the spot where it was when the timeout was called, otherwise as in the tip-off in the center circle. When two opponents simultaneously have both hands on the ball, the referee declares it a j u m p b a l l and puts it back into play between them at the same spot, as in the tip-off in the center circle. F o u l s a n d p e n a l t i e s. 1) If the free-throw shooter touches or crosses the free-throw line before the ball touches the basket (or backboard) — the basket, if made, does not count, and in any case, a tip-off in the center circle follows.

If the ball is thrown ‘dead’ into the basket, or
If more than 10 seconds are taken to execute a free throw — the basket, if made, does not count.
When a participant causes the ball to go out of play.
Brings the ball onto the court from out of bounds.
Touches the ball after it is put into play from out of bounds before another participant touches it.
Illegally interferes with an opponent putting the ball into play from out of bounds.
Holds the ball longer than 10 seconds out of bounds before putting it into play — the ball passes to the opponent out of bounds.
If a participant touches the ground beyond the division line with any part of her body or clothing — the opposing team gains the right to an unguarded throw (but not a basket). If the violation is committed by the team in possession of the ball, the throw is made by the player holding it; otherwise, the ball is taken by the nearest opponent to the violation.
When during a free throw anyone enters the free-throw lane, touches the free-throw line, or

i) The ball is ‘dead’: a) after a basket is scored, b) after going out of bounds, c) after being declared a jump ball, d) during a timeout, e) after a foul, f) after either of two free throws due to a double foul, g) after the game ends, h) when the ball rests on the basket supports, i) after one of the free throws due to two fouls by the same team, j) after an incorrect free throw, attempts to interfere with the shooter before the ball touches the basket (or backboard) —

a) if the offending team is the shooting team, the basket, if made, does not count, and in any case, a tip-off in the center circle follows;

b) if the offending team is the opposing team, the basket, if made, counts, and if missed, a repeat free throw is awarded.

When someone throws the ball into the basket from out of bounds — the basket, if made, does not count; if missed, the ball is considered still in play. T e c h n i c a l f o u l s a n d p e n a l t i e s: A free throw is awarded to the opposing team of the participant who
Runs with the ball (i.e., takes steps with the ball in hand; a single pivot step does not count, nor do a few steps after catching the ball while running), snatches or knocks the ball from an opponent’s hands, kicks the ball, strikes it with a fist, rolls it, bounces it more than once, or passes it to a teammate.
Delays the game by touching the ball after it has been awarded to an opponent, by leaving the court, by removing a hand from behind the back during the tip-off before the ball is tapped, or by other violations of tip-off rules, by not getting up quickly enough after falling, or by any other unnecessary delay.
Holds the ball in hand longer than three seconds.
Passes the ball to a teammate while executing a free throw.
Enters the court as a substitute without the referee’s knowledge.
Illegally ‘guards’ an opponent not shooting at the basket. (This means crossing with hands or torso the vertical plane passing through both hips or touching the opponent.) A point is awarded to the team executing the free throw.
If their opponents touch the ball or basket when the ball is on the rim or inside it. Two free throws are awarded to the team whose opponent:
Illegally guards (see above under
a participant shooting at the basket. A player who commits five technical fouls is disqualified from the game. P e r s o n a l f o u l s. A free throw for the opposing side, counting a personal foul against the offender (and, at the referee’s discretion, disqualification), is awarded for:
Holding an opponent, impeding her movement when she does not have the ball, bumping or pushing her.
Unnecessary roughness in conduct. Two free throws, a personal foul for the offender (and, at the referee’s discretion, disqualification), are awarded for:
Pushing or holding an opponent who is shooting at the basket. A player who commits four personal fouls is disqualified from the game. In all cases not covered by the rules, the referee (and their assistants) shall act according to their own judgment, in accordance with the general spirit of the rules.

¹) As seen in the illustration, participants line up in pairs, each consisting of two opponents, e.g.: defense of the reds (at their own basket) and offense of the whites, center of the reds and whites, offense of the reds and defense of the whites. Opponents in each pair ‘guard’ each other, impeding shots with movements of hands and torso.

Transcription scope: text belonging to the illustration was omitted; exact boundaries noted in the extraction report.

*Source of scan: Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library, marked ‘Public Domain’. View PDF — page 198.

Metadata

Type: game
Traits: Not stated in the source
Source: Eugeniusz Piasecki, Zabawy i gry ruchowe dzieci i młodzieży (1922)
Printed pages: 193–202 / PDF 198–207
Digital edition: Digital edition · Source record
Open the edition at the relevant page: p. 193
Read the source text: zgr-121